“Ші D. Vocabulary

4. l. Read and learn new words.

subsistence (n) — a small amount of money or food that is just enough to survive

rudimentary (adj) — at the simplest level interregional (adj) — having connection among regions itinerant merchant — a merchant habitually traveling from place to place

peddler (n) — a person who tries to sell (esp.

supersede (v) — to take the place of something (usually something older)

wholesaler fn) — a businessman who sells goods in large quantities, (esp. to shopkeepers)

jobber fn) — a dealer buying stocks and shares retailer fn) — someone who sells things to the public in small quantities

concurrent (adj) — existing or happening at the same time advent fn) — the arrival or coming of an important event, period, invention, etc.

proliferation (п) — a rapid increase or spreading middleman (n) — a person who buys goods from producer, and sells to shopkeeper or directly to user ware (n) — a small article for sale

cooperative (n) — a firm, farm, shop, etc. that is owned and run by all the people who work in it

enable (v) — to make able, give the power, means, or right to do something

merchandising (n) — the way in which goods are arranged and placed in a store

haggling (adj) — arguing, esp. in an attempt to fix a price trademark(n) — a name, sign, or design used on a product to show it is made by a particular company

durable goods — expensive products that consumers do not regularly or often buy, for example refrigerators, televisions, etc.

integrity (n) — strength and firmness of character or principle; honesty

installment buying — a way of buying something by making small, regular payments over an agreed period of time

on-line transaction — a payment or a business deal over the Internet

warranty (n) — a written promise that a company gives to a customer, stating that it will repair or replace a product they have bought if it breaks during a certain period of time

4. 2.
   Give English equivalents to the following words and expressions:

• покупка в кредит;
• товары длительного пользования;
• торговаться из-за цены;
• вытеснять;
• возникновение, изобретение;
• розничный торговец;
• распространение;
• совпадающий;
• средства к существованию;
• элементарный, примитивный;
• уличный торговец.

4. 3. Choose an appropriate word or expression from the box to complete the following sentences.

subsistence              rudiment              advent              concurrent

cooperative              enable              merchandizing              haggle

trademarks              durable goods              warranty              peddling

1. Ford offers a 12-month basic ... on all car parts.
2. Their road-building equipment is fairly ....
3. She was sent to prison for ....
4. They do not have access to sufficient land for ....
5. He is serving two ... prison sentences.
6. We decided to set up a ....
7. For the third year in a row, analysts say that Morgans is the best in the industry for creative ... .
8. The company used names similar to well-known ... to sell cheap imitations.
9. People are much better informed since the ... of television.
10. The fall in the value of the pound will... us to export more goods.
11. It is the custom to ... in British and American shops.
12. Orders to factories for  which include machinery, household

appliances, cars and other items designed to last at least three years, fell to $ 123.27 billion last month.

4. 4. Give synonyms for the italicized words in each sentence below, or briefly explain their meaning.

1. The one-price system, probably introduced (in 1841) by A. T. Stewart in New York, saves sales clerks from haggling and promotes faith in the integrity of the merchant.
2. Customers also buy through mail-order catalogs (much expanded from the original catalog sales business of the late 1800s), by placing orders to specialized “home-shopping” television channels, and through on-line transactions (“e-commerce”) on the Internet.
3. Wholesale houses operate outlets for their wares, and farmers sell their products through their own wholesale cooperatives.
4. At all points of the modern marketing system people have formed associations and eliminated various middlemen in order to achieve more efficient marketing.